Classical conditioning in
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drug tolerance (increasingly larger amount of drug is needed to attain same effect)
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withdrawal symptoms (effect of not getting the drug once addicted)
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paradoxical overdose (overdose resulting from a normally tolerated amount of the drug)
US: drug administration (e.g., heroin)
UR: effect of drug (e.g., pleasurable sensations; sense of euphoria and well-being; constipation)
CS: stimuli present in context and environment at time of drug administration, which always precede the drug US (e.g., consistent particular room, furniture, people, time of day)
CR: result of body's attempt to compensate for UR with responses opposed to the UR (e.g., pain, aches, cramps; sense of anxiety, depression, paranoia; diarrhea)
Drug Tolerance: CR opposes UR; increased strength of learned compensatory CR to the contextual CSs accompanying drug administration (thus requiring larger amounts of drug US to produce a stronger UR to counter the CR)
Withdrawal: CR without UR; effect of compensatory CR to contextual CSs when drug US is not provided (and thus no UR occurs)
Paradoxical Overdose: UR without CR; effect of previously tolerated large drug dose's UR when context changes and CSs are not present (thus providing no compensatory CR to counter the strong UR)